The blower door is a large fan mounted onto a panel which then seals into an existing door frame. It changes the pressure in a home in order to measure and locate air leaks.
Ventilation and heating ducts along with gaps around windows and doors are the main source of air leaks. However, improper installation of insulation, sloppy framing techniques and unsealed electrical or plumbing penetrations play a major role in air leakage as well. Air leakage is one of the most significant causes of home heating waste in the United States. Heated air leaking out in the winter, or cooled air leaking out in the summer can account for as much as 40% of the total cost of keeping indoor air temperature comfortable.
Very often sealing these leaks is the most cost effective way to save energy in your home.
The United States Department of Energy has a good description of a Blower Door Test on their Website as well.
